Purpose: The purpose of this study was to re-evaluate the research activity and the endeavor of Dr. Dongsung Shin who has done a role as a pioneer in the field of applied sport psychology during the early developing stage of Korean sport psychology. Methods: Interviews and document analysis were utilized. To ensure trustworthiness of the data, peer-review, study participants-review, and triangulation were performed. Results: The analyses resulted in three categories: (a) role of promotion of sports science in 1980s, (b) a pioneering role for application of sport psychology, and (c) contribution to the development of Korean sport psychology. Dr. Shin contributed to the foundation of Ministry of Sports while he was in the Sports Science Institute, the development of scouting young players for the Seoul Olympics, and setting up the standard of physical strength test for the Korea Military Academy and the Blue House Presidential Security Service. He started consulting using psychological measures for golf and other sports. He has made substantial accomplishments in the field through international collaboration for applied work and preparation of the counseling system. In addition, he was the first scholar who started the public commentary using sport psychology knowledge. Conclusion: His approach and orientation toward applied sport psychology in Korea during 1980s and 1990s was ahead of time. Contemporary scholars in our filed should not only appreciate his legacy as a pioneer, but also enhance our capabilities in the areas of research, measurement development, consulting, training, and coaching.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of psychological skills training using positive psychological techniques on psychological change and performance on a rifle shooter. Methods: In order to achieve the purpose of this study, a single subject case design was used, and the effects of psychological skills training were verified through positive psychological capital(PPC), Test of Performance Strategies(TOPS), heart rate variability(HRV), game results analysis, and in-depth interviews. The psychological skills training program was applied to the 40-week pre step, training step, post step on positive psychology techniques, goal setting, routine development, mental training, relaxation training, and attention concentration. Results: As a result of applying psychological skills training using positive psychological techniques, PPC, TOPS, HRV and athletic performance were changed positively. Conclusion: The positive psychological technique applied to the study subjects was considered to have solved the main appeal problem by effectively coping with negative emotions and thoughts through positive emotion induction. At present, the psychological skills training technique for improving the national athletic performance is relatively limited, and the application of meticulous psychological skills according to the number of sports and positions is limited. Therefore, in the follow-up studies, various studies applying the positive psychology method should be tried.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the strength factors that archers perceive and utilize during competition. Methods: Data were collected from the open-ended questionnaire from 38 elite archers and in-depth interview conducted with 10 research participants who won medals in the Olympic, Asian game, or world championship in previous. Collected data were analyzed by using the inductive content analysis. Results: Inductive content analysis on the strengths of the elite archers revealed that muscle strength, flexibility, cardiopulmonary endurance categorized to stamina as a general content and height and arm length was categorized to physique as a general content. In addition, the internal point includes force connection and centralizing, and the external point utilization includes shooting timing, and rhythm, false aiming. These contents categorized to the technical strengths. The psychological strengths were positive thinking, routine utilization, simplification of thinking, self-talk for self-confidence, self-talk for anxiety control, deep breathing, goal setting, concentration, confidence, anxiety control, and the general contents were psychological skills and psychological methods. Conclusion: Excellent archers recognized strength and endurance as a physical-strength, while timing and physical balance were recognized as technical strengths, and positive thinking and concentration were recognized as the most significant strengths in psychological strength.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore athletes’ perception of effort and reward which has been widely studied in other fields but not in the field of sports. Methods: To collect the data, 127 participants were recruited from 19 different sports to complete an open questionnaire. The participants were elite athletes currently playing at the highschool, university and corporate owned team level. Inductive content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: First, athletes’s preception of effort towards training were emerged into three categoriescompetence development, reinforcement of cognition and psychological competence, and self-management. Second, athletes’s preception of effort towards competition were reinforcement of cognition and psychological competence, self-management, competence development, and interpersonal interaction. While three categories of self-management, competence development and reinforcement of cognition and psychological competence were emerged in terms of their perception of effort in daily life, four categories of cognitive and psychological competence, competence development, self-management, and interpersonal interaction were explored in terms of perception of effort for obtaining goals. Finally, four categories of athletes’ perception of rewards were benefits, social support, optimal outcomes, and future stabilities. Conclusion: In order to apply these research findings to the field of sports, quantitative measurement should be developed and this study could be the basis and first step for the development of future research.

Purpose: In order to develop a valid measuring tool for the physical self-concept perceived by the elderly, this study collected various components that influence the physical evaluation of the elderly through an open questionnaire, and explored the intrinsic conceptual structure through the preparation of preliminary scales. In addition, the physical self-concept of the elderly was examined according to gender and age. Methods: 565 men and women aged 65 and over who used senior welfare facilities in Incheon participated in the main questionnaire for open questionnaire and structure verification. The response of the open questionnaire was inductive content analysis method and physical self-concept structure. The exploration was confirmed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and high order factor analysis of prescale response Results: The physical self-concept of the elderly had a hierarchical structure with five factors (16 questions): appearance, health and disease, sleep, diet, and physical activity. The physical self-concept level of the elderly was higher in the elderly than the female, and there was a significant difference according to the age. Especially, the perception of the elderly was positive in terms of health, disease and slee. Conclusion: The physical self-concept structure of the elderly is different from that of adolescents and the general public. In order to understand the characteristics of exercise and physical activity of the elderly, a more in-depth approach to the physical concept of the elderly is required.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether university students’ maintenance self-efficacy and action control moderated the mediating effect of intention to exercise in the relationship between past habit and exercise behavior. Methods: Subjects were 468 university students (271 males, 197 females), data were conducted using descriptive statistics, correlation, and moderated regression analysis. Results: the result simple regression analysis shows that students’ intention to exercise mediated the relationship between past habit and exercise behavior. The results of moderated regression analysis indicated that the relation of past behavior and intention to exercise was moderated by the level of maintenance self-efficacy and the relation of intention to exercise and exercise behavior was mediated by the level of action control. Conclusion: These findings suggest that university students should create exercise habit as participating in exercise and enhance self-regulated skills and self-confidence for maintaining it.

Purpose: This study was conducted to suggest sport psychological counseling and coaching for Christian athletes. Although many Christian athletes are currently active in Korea, little research has been conducted on psychological counseling and coaching for religious reasons. Therefore, this study aimed to understand Christian beliefs and to assist in counseling and coaching. Methods: We analyzed previous research and literature, and examined and suggested examples of religious experiences of athletes. Results: First, a theoretical analysis was conducted regarding free will and motivation to understand Christian faith. Second, we examined the use of prayer in sport. Third, examples of psychological control by Bible verses and prayers of Christian athletes were presented. Finally, suggestions were made for sport psychological counseling and coaching for Christian athletes and future research. Conclusion: Christian believers need to study this part because beliefs such as Bible passages and prayer affect psychological control. In addition, I hope that many sport psychologists and counselors will be interested in researching and coaching Christian athletes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is identify the relationship between perceived autonomous and controlled coaching behavior in physical education class students’ achievement goal orientation, outcome expectation and intrinsic motivation. Methods: The subject of this study were 498 middle school students (men: 259, women: 239) in city S and city D, and the physical education class coaching behavior, 2X2 achievement goal orientation, outcome expectation and intrinsic motivation were used as measurement tools. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling. Results: The perceived autonomous and controlled coaching behaviors in the physical education class were found to affect the achievement goal orientation, outcome expectation and intrinsic motivation, and mastery approach, mastery avoidance, performance avoidance and outcome expectation, excluding Performance approach which is a sub-variable of achievement goal orientation, has been found to affect intrinsic motivation. Conclusion: The perceived coaching behavior in physical education class has been found to be related to students’ achievement goal orientation, outcome expectation and intrinsic motivation of class participation. Therefore, it is important for the teacher to identify the students’ achievement goal orientation and to lead to the positive change of achievement goal orientation and outcome expectation through various coaching method, and it suggests that education and environment, that can make a change to coaching behavior as a strategy for promoting students’ intrinsic motivation to participate in class, should be created.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate how school violence/bullying occurred in the context of causal conditions, central phenomenon, contextual condition, intervening conditions, action/interaction strategies, and consequence, which are paradigms of grounded theory, from the perspectives of victims and bullies. Methods: Nineteen victims of school violence/bullying who were composed of 5th and 6th grade elementary school students from Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon, and Gangwon provinces participated in the research. Fifteen elementary school teachers who had taught bullies also participated in the study, representing bullies. Data were collected through individual interview, focus group interview, and diary. Results: The victims were constantly excluded and attacked by bullies. As a result of the causal conditions, they had physical, mental and social pain. They perceived hostility. But nobody paid attention to them. They could not express their emotions. Finally, they started to show some types of trauma which led to the destruction of self-esteem. This destructive experiences expanded more and more over time. Meanwhile, the bullies had been exposed to various types of violence and bullying. They were easily irritated and had no hope for the future. They experienced a lot of family conflict, and didn’t like school. So, their academic achievement was poor. They were aggressive, had a lot of complaints about the environment, and were immature to deal with their negative emotions. They lacked empathy and had low expectations for the future. As a result, their expressions of anger were further enlarged and the cognitive distortions were getting worse. Conclusion: Prevention strategies for victims and bullies based on these findings are needed.